What is the effect of vertical circulation of water in the ocean?

The effect of vertical circulation of water in the ocean primarily causes upwelling of nutrients. This process occurs when deeper, cooler, and nutrient-rich waters rise to the surface, often as a result of wind patterns and the Earth's rotation. As these nutrients are brought to the surface, they support a rich environment for marine life, leading to increased productivity in those areas.

Upwelling zones are particularly important for ecosystems, as they can significantly enhance fish populations by providing the necessary nutrients that support phytoplankton growth, which forms the foundation of the marine food web. This biological productivity benefits not only the marine organisms but also human activities, such as fishing, that rely on these rich ecosystems.

In contrast, while vertical circulation can have effects on temperature, salinity, and habitats, the upwelling of nutrients is the most direct and impactful consequence of this oceanic process.